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Ernst von Glasersfeld: The Appearance of Dreams and Memory

Ernst von Glasersfeld’s perspective is rooted in Radical Constructivism, which emphasizes the idea that knowledge and understanding are actively constructed by the individual rather than passively absorbed from the external world. From this viewpoint, dreams are not just passive replays of past experiences but are actively constructed narratives that involve the selective reorganization and reinterpretation of memories.

Dreams and Memory in von Glasersfeld’s View

1. Active Construction of Dreams:
   • In von Glasersfeld’s view, dreams are actively constructed by the mind. They are not mere reflections of our waking life but are creative reconfigurations of our experiences and memories. This construction is influenced by the individual’s subjective experiences and current mental states.
2. Role of Memory:
   • Memory plays a central role in the creation of dreams. However, in dreams, memories are not recalled in their original form. Instead, they are fragmented and reassembled into new, often fantastical narratives. This process is guided by the individual’s current emotions, desires, and cognitive processes.
3. Function of Attention:
   • Even in the dreaming state, attention is at work, though not in the conscious, deliberate way it operates when we are awake. In dreams, attention unconsciously focuses on certain memories, themes, or images, which then get woven into the dream narrative. This selective attention during dreams might highlight unresolved conflicts or prominent thoughts and feelings.

Comparing von Glasersfeld’s View with Others

Heinz von Foerster: Systemic Self-Organization in Dreams

Heinz von Foerster’s approach through Second-Order Cybernetics views dreams as part of the self-organizing processes of the cognitive system.

1. Self-Organization:
   • Von Foerster sees dreams as a product of the cognitive system’s self-organizing capabilities. During sleep, the system processes internal data without external sensory input. This internal processing allows the system to reorganize and balance itself, creating dream narratives as part of this self-regulation.
2. Memory and Feedback Loops:
   • In this process, memories serve as the internal data that the system reorganizes. Dreams are the result of the feedback loops within the cognitive system, where past experiences are reinterpreted and integrated into the system's ongoing self-organization.
3. Attention:
   • Attention in dreams, according to von Foerster, would be more about how the system internally prioritizes and selects certain memories or sensations to be processed. This differs from waking attention, which involves interacting with and responding to external stimuli.

Silvio Ceccato: Cognitive Operations in Dreaming

Silvio Ceccato’s Operative Methodology focuses on the cognitive operations involved in thinking and perception, extending this to the dreaming process.

1. Mental Operations:
   • Ceccato views dreams as the outcome of the mind’s cognitive operations applied to memories. Dreams involve the spontaneous and sometimes abstract manipulation of these memories, reflecting the cognitive processes at work.
2. Memory Reorganization:
   • In dreams, memories are subject to a free-form process where they are manipulated, combined, and transformed into new scenarios. This reflects the mind’s inherent capacity to operate on its stored experiences in a non-linear and creative way.
3. Role of Attention:
   • Attention during dreaming operates on an unconscious level, guiding which memories and cognitive operations come to the forefront. It directs the cognitive manipulations that shape the dream, although this attention is not deliberate or focused as in the waking state.

Jean Piaget: Dreams and Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget’s perspective on dreams is intertwined with his theories on Cognitive Development.

1. Developmental Stages:
   • Piaget might interpret dreams as reflecting the developmental stages of cognition. In children, dreams could manifest the ways in which their cognitive abilities are still organizing and understanding their experiences.
2. Memory and Cognitive Schemas:
   • In Piaget’s view, dreams involve the interaction of memory with existing cognitive schemas. Dreams can be seen as attempts to integrate new experiences with established schemas, often in imaginative ways that are not bound by the logical constraints of waking thought.
3. Attention:
   • Attention in dreams would relate to how cognitive schemas interact and focus on specific aspects of experiences and memories. This process might help in the assimilation and accommodation of experiences within the cognitive framework.

Summary and Comparative Analysis

1. Ernst von Glasersfeld:

   • Dreams: Constructed from selective and creative reorganization of memories.
   • Memory: Actively fragmented and reinterpreted into dream narratives.
   • Attention: Unconscious focus guiding which memories are featured in dreams.

2. Heinz von Foerster:

   • Dreams: Results of the cognitive system’s self-organization without external input.
   • Memory: Used as internal data for the system’s self-regulation processes.
   • Attention: System's internal prioritization of memories for processing.

3. Silvio Ceccato:

   • Dreams: Outcomes of cognitive operations applied to memories in a spontaneous manner.
   • Memory: Manipulated and transformed by cognitive processes into new scenarios.
   • Attention: Unconscious guidance of cognitive operations during dreaming.

4. Jean Piaget:

   • Dreams: Reflect cognitive development stages and the organization of experiences.
   • Memory: Interacts with cognitive schemas to integrate and assimilate experiences.
   • Attention: Facilitates the interaction of schemas with specific memories in dreams.

Each of these thinkers provides a unique lens through which to understand the role of memory and attention in the formation of dreams. Glasersfeld emphasizes the constructive and interpretive nature of dreams, von Foerster highlights the systemic self-organization of cognitive processes, Ceccato focuses on the cognitive operations that manipulate memories, and Piaget links dreams to stages of cognitive development and schema integration.